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Detailed Analysis of 11 Modern Missiles
On September 3, 2025, China’s Victory Day Parade in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square marked the 80th anniversary of Japan’s surrender in World War II, serving as a grand stage to showcase the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) advanced military capabilities. The parade, attended by world leaders including Chinese President Xi Jinping, Russian President Vladimir Putin, and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, was not only a commemoration but also a strategic display of China’s growing military prowess. Among the highlights were 11 modern missiles, including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), hypersonic anti-ship missiles, and advanced cruise missiles, which underscored China’s advancements in its defense-industrial complex and its intent to challenge U.S. military dominance in the Indo-Pacific region. This article provides a detailed analysis of each missile, covering their technical specifications, strategic purpose, development history, parade context, and geopolitical implications, culminating in a comprehensive conclusion on their collective significance.
✩ Table of Contents ✩
1. Dongfeng-61 (DF-61) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
2. Dongfeng-5C (DF-5C) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
3. Dongfeng-26D (DF-26D) “Guam Killer” Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile
4. YJ-15 (Ying Ji-15) Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile
5. YJ-17 (Ying Ji-17) Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile
6. YJ-19 (Ying Ji-19) Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile
7. YJ-20 (Ying Ji-20) Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile
8. JL-3 (Julang-3) Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile
9. JL-1 (Jinglei-1) Air-Launched Ballistic Missile
10. CJ-20A, YJ-18C, CJ-1000 Cruise Missiles
11. HQ-29 High-Altitude Interceptor Missile
12. Conclusion
1. Dongfeng-61 (DF-61) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Technical Specifications
The Dongfeng-61 (DF-61), a solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), represents a significant leap in China’s strategic arsenal. Unveiled during the 2025 Victory Day Parade, the DF-61 is estimated to have a range of approximately 12,000 to 14,000 kilometers, enabling it to strike targets across the globe, including the continental United States. The missile is capable of carrying multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), with estimates suggesting up to 10 warheads, each potentially nuclear or conventional. Its solid-fuel propulsion allows for rapid launch preparation, reducing vulnerability to preemptive strikes compared to liquid-fueled missiles. The DF-61 is deployed on mobile transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles with eight axles, enhancing its survivability through mobility. Guidance systems likely integrate inertial navigation, celestial tracking, and China’s Beidou satellite constellation, achieving a circular error probable (CEP) in the tens of meters for high precision.
Strategic Purpose
The DF-61 serves as a cornerstone of China’s nuclear deterrence strategy, designed to counter U.S. missile defense systems and ensure a credible second-strike capability. Its MIRV capability allows it to overwhelm anti-ballistic missile systems like the U.S. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) or Aegis systems by delivering multiple warheads to different targets simultaneously. The missile’s mobility enhances its survivability, aligning with China’s “no first use” nuclear policy, which emphasizes retaliation over preemption. By extending China’s strike range to global targets, the DF-61 reinforces Beijing’s ability to project power far beyond the Indo-Pacific, signaling to adversaries that any aggression could face severe consequences.
Development History
The DF-61 is believed to be an evolution of the DF-41, a mobile ICBM introduced in the late 2010s. Development likely began in the early 2020s, driven by China’s need to modernize its nuclear arsenal in response to advancements in U.S. missile defense technologies. The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) spearheaded the project, incorporating lessons from earlier Dongfeng missiles to enhance range, payload, and survivability. The DF-61’s solid-fuel technology marks a departure from older liquid-fueled systems, reflecting China’s focus on rapid-response capabilities. While specific details remain classified, its debut in 2025 suggests accelerated development to meet strategic imperatives amid rising tensions with the U.S. and its allies.
Parade Context
The DF-61’s public debut during the Victory Day Parade was a deliberate statement of China’s nuclear modernization. State media, including Xinhua, described it as part of China’s “strategic ace” for safeguarding national sovereignty, emphasizing its role in the PLA’s nuclear triad (land, sea, and air). The missile’s appearance on mobile TELs underscored its operational readiness and flexibility. President Xi Jinping’s speech from the Tiananmen rostrum, warning against a “law of the jungle” where the strong prey on the weak, framed the DF-61 as a deterrent against perceived Western aggression. Its showcase alongside other nuclear-capable missiles highlighted China’s intent to project strength to both domestic and international audiences.
Geopolitical Implications
The DF-61’s introduction has profound implications for China’s relations with the U.S. and its allies. Its ability to target the U.S. mainland escalates the strategic competition, challenging Washington’s dominance in global nuclear capabilities. The missile’s MIRV technology complicates U.S. missile defense planning, as intercepting multiple warheads is resource-intensive and technically challenging. For regional neighbors like Japan and India, the DF-61 signals China’s growing ability to project power, potentially altering the balance in Asia. Taiwan, in particular, views the missile as part of China’s broader strategy to deter U.S. intervention in a potential cross-strait conflict. The DF-61’s debut also strengthens China’s alignment with Russia and North Korea, as evidenced by the presence of Putin and Kim at the parade, signaling a counterweight to U.S.-led alliances.
2. Dongfeng-5C (DF-5C) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Technical Specifications
The Dongfeng-5C (DF-5C) is a liquid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missile showcased at the 2025 Victory Day Parade. It boasts an estimated range of 20,000 kilometers, potentially the longest-ranged ICBM globally, capable of striking any target worldwide from northern China. The missile can carry up to 12 MIRVs, each with nuclear or conventional warheads, and features advanced anti-jamming technology to counter electronic warfare. Launched from fixed silos, the DF-5C’s liquid propellant requires longer preparation time but enables a heavier payload. Its guidance system combines inertial navigation, celestial tracking, and Beidou satellite support, achieving a CEP of tens of meters for high accuracy.
Strategic Purpose
The DF-5C serves as a strategic deterrent, designed to ensure China’s ability to retaliate against global adversaries, particularly the U.S. Its extended range and MIRV capability allow it to target multiple locations simultaneously, overwhelming missile defense systems. The missile’s silo-based deployment aligns with China’s focus on a robust second-strike capability, critical for its “no first use” policy. By threatening U.S. mainland targets, the DF-5C aims to deter preemptive strikes and reinforce China’s position as a global nuclear power, complementing its mobile and sea-based nuclear assets.
Development History
The DF-5 series, initiated in the 1970s, has evolved significantly, with the DF-5C representing the latest iteration. Developed by CASC, the DF-5C incorporates advancements in propulsion, warhead design, and guidance systems. Its development likely accelerated in the 2020s to counter improvements in U.S. missile defenses, such as the Ground-based Midcourse Defense system. The shift to MIRVs and enhanced anti-jamming capabilities reflects lessons learned from earlier DF-5 variants, which were limited by single warheads and vulnerability to electronic countermeasures. The DF-5C’s debut in 2025 marks a milestone in China’s nuclear modernization efforts.
Parade Context
The DF-5C’s showcase in the 2025 parade was a focal point, with state media like Global Times highlighting its “entire world” strike range and MIRV capabilities. Displayed on trucks for visual impact, the missile symbolized China’s nuclear strength and technological prowess. Its role in the parade’s nuclear triad display—alongside the DF-61, JL-1, and JL-3—underscored China’s comprehensive deterrence strategy. Xi Jinping’s emphasis on peace and international justice during his speech contrasted with the DF-5C’s overt message of military power, aimed at deterring Western intervention in regional disputes.
Geopolitical Implications
The DF-5C’s global reach escalates tensions with the U.S., as it directly threatens American cities and military bases. Its MIRV technology complicates U.S. defense planning, requiring multiple interceptors per missile. For regional powers like India and Japan, the DF-5C reinforces China’s strategic dominance, prompting potential increases in their own defense budgets. Taiwan faces heightened pressure, as the missile enhances China’s ability to deter U.S. naval intervention in a cross-strait scenario. The presence of Putin and Kim at the parade amplifies the DF-5C’s role in signaling a united front against Western influence, potentially destabilizing global arms control efforts.
3. Dongfeng-26D (DF-26D) “Guam Killer” Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile
Technical Specifications
The Dongfeng-26D (DF-26D), dubbed the “Guam Killer,” is an intermediate-range ballistic missile with hypersonic capabilities, unveiled at the 2025 Victory Day Parade. It has a range of over 5,000 kilometers, capable of targeting U.S. military bases in Guam and other Western Pacific assets. The missile can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads, with a payload capacity for precision strikes. Its hypersonic configuration includes a maneuverable reentry vehicle, enabling it to evade missile defenses. Launched from mobile TELs, the DF-26D uses Beidou-guided systems for high accuracy, with a CEP in the low tens of meters.
Strategic Purpose
The DF-26D is designed to counter U.S. naval and land-based assets in the Western Pacific, particularly targeting Guam’s strategic bases. Its hypersonic speed and maneuverability make it a formidable challenge to U.S. missile defenses, such as Aegis and Patriot systems. The missile’s dual nuclear-conventional capability enhances China’s flexibility in responding to threats, from tactical strikes to strategic deterrence. By threatening U.S. carrier strike groups and regional bases, the DF-26D aims to disrupt American power projection, particularly in a Taiwan contingency, reinforcing China’s anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) strategy.
Development History
The DF-26 series, first revealed in 2015, evolved from earlier Dongfeng missiles, with the DF-26D incorporating hypersonic technology inspired by the DF-17. Developed by CASC, the missile was fielded by 2016, with upgrades culminating in the 2025 DF-26D variant. Its development focused on enhancing range, accuracy, and defense penetration to counter U.S. naval superiority. The DF-26D’s hypersonic features likely draw from China’s broader investment in high-speed weaponry, reflecting lessons from global hypersonic advancements, including Russia’s Kinzhal missile.
Parade Context
The DF-26D’s debut at the 2025 parade underscored its role as a “Guam Killer,” with Global Times emphasizing its ability to break “island chains” and target U.S. naval assets. Its display alongside other hypersonic missiles highlighted China’s focus on countering U.S. maritime dominance. The parade’s strategic messaging, reinforced by Xi’s speech, framed the DF-26D as a key component of China’s A2/AD strategy, aimed at deterring U.S. intervention in regional conflicts. Its mobile launch platform was showcased to demonstrate operational flexibility and survivability.
Geopolitical Implications
The DF-26D’s capabilities heighten tensions with the U.S., particularly over Taiwan and the South China Sea. By threatening Guam, a critical U.S. military hub, the missile challenges Washington’s ability to project power in the Indo-Pacific. Japan and Australia, key U.S. allies, face increased pressure to bolster their missile defenses, potentially sparking a regional arms race. The DF-26D’s nuclear capability raises concerns about escalation in a conflict, complicating U.S. strategic planning. Its showcase alongside Russian and North Korean leaders signals China’s intent to align with anti-Western powers, reshaping regional security dynamics.
4. YJ-15 (Ying Ji-15) Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile
Technical Specifications
The YJ-15, a hypersonic anti-ship missile, made its debut at the 2025 Victory Day Parade. Part of the Ying Ji (“Eagle Strike”) series, it is designed for launch from ships or aircraft, with a range estimated at over 600 kilometers. The missile achieves supersonic speeds, likely exceeding Mach 3, using a ramjet propulsion system with a four-inlet design. Its warhead, optimized for penetrating large vessels like aircraft carriers, can deliver high-explosive or armor-piercing payloads. The YJ-15 employs inertial navigation and Beidou satellite guidance, achieving a CEP of less than 10 meters for precision strikes.
Strategic Purpose
The YJ-15 enhances China’s anti-ship capabilities, targeting large naval vessels such as U.S. aircraft carriers and destroyers. Its supersonic speed and compact design make it difficult to intercept, supporting China’s A2/AD strategy to limit U.S. naval operations in the Western Pacific. The missile’s versatility, deployable from both naval and air platforms, allows the PLA to project power across multiple domains, threatening U.S. and allied fleets in the South China Sea and beyond. Its role in the parade underscores China’s focus on countering naval superiority.
Development History
The YJ-15 likely evolved from the YJ-12, a supersonic anti-ship missile introduced in the 2010s. Developed by the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), the YJ-15 incorporates ramjet technology to achieve higher speeds and improved maneuverability. Its development reflects China’s investment in hypersonic and supersonic weaponry to counter U.S. naval advancements, particularly the Aegis Combat System. While specific details remain limited due to China’s secrecy, the YJ-15’s debut suggests rapid progress in integrating advanced propulsion and guidance systems.
Parade Context
The YJ-15’s showcase in the 2025 parade, alongside other YJ-series missiles, highlighted China’s advancements in hypersonic technology. State media described it as part of a “rich technological path” for anti-ship warfare, emphasizing its role in targeting high-value naval assets. The missile’s display on mobile launchers and its association with the PLA Navy and Air Force underscored its multi-domain utility. Xi Jinping’s call for peace contrasted with the YJ-15’s aggressive messaging, aimed at deterring U.S. naval presence in contested regions.
Geopolitical Implications
The YJ-15’s introduction escalates maritime tensions, particularly in the South China Sea, where U.S. naval patrols challenge China’s territorial claims. Its ability to target aircraft carriers threatens U.S. power projection, prompting potential countermeasures like enhanced missile defenses or forward-deployed assets. For regional neighbors like Japan and the Philippines, the YJ-15 signals China’s growing naval dominance, potentially spurring defense cooperation with the U.S. The missile’s debut alongside Russian and North Korean leaders reinforces China’s alignment with anti-Western powers, complicating regional security dynamics.
5. YJ-17 (Ying Ji-17) Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile
Technical Specifications
The YJ-17, a hypersonic anti-ship missile, was prominently featured in the 2025 Victory Day Parade. It boasts a range of approximately 1,000 kilometers and achieves speeds exceeding Mach 5, utilizing a boost-glide “waverider” configuration. The missile’s warhead is designed to penetrate heavily armored naval vessels, with options for high-explosive or armor-piercing payloads. Launched from ships, aircraft, or ground-based platforms, the YJ-17 employs advanced guidance systems, including inertial navigation, Beidou satellite support, and terminal-phase active radar, ensuring a CEP of less than 10 meters.
Strategic Purpose
The YJ-17 is a key component of China’s A2/AD strategy, aimed at neutralizing U.S. and allied naval forces in the Western Pacific. Its hypersonic speed and maneuverability make it nearly impossible for current missile defense systems to intercept, targeting high-value assets like aircraft carriers and destroyers. The missile’s multi-platform launch capability enhances the PLA’s flexibility in maritime warfare, enabling rapid strikes across vast distances. Its role in the parade underscores China’s focus on countering U.S. naval dominance and deterring intervention in regional conflicts.
Development History
The YJ-17 likely builds on the technological foundation of the YJ-12 and YJ-18, with development led by CASIC. Its boost-glide configuration, a hallmark of hypersonic weapons, reflects China’s advancements in high-speed aerodynamics and propulsion systems. Development likely began in the late 2010s, driven by the need to counter U.S. naval advancements and missile defenses. The YJ-17’s integration of Beidou-guided systems and its multi-platform compatibility suggest significant investment in networked warfare capabilities, aligning with China’s broader military modernization.
Parade Context
The YJ-17’s display in the 2025 parade was a testament to China’s hypersonic prowess, with state media like Global Times highlighting its role in breaking “island chains” and targeting naval assets. Showcased alongside other YJ-series missiles, it underscored the PLA’s focus on multi-domain strike capabilities. The missile’s appearance on mobile launchers and its association with the PLA Navy and Air Force emphasized its operational versatility. Xi’s speech framed the YJ-17 as part of China’s defensive posture, though its offensive capabilities sent a clear message to the U.S. and its allies.
Geopolitical Implications
The YJ-17’s hypersonic capabilities heighten concerns in the U.S. and its allies about the vulnerability of their naval forces, particularly in the South China Sea and near Taiwan. Its ability to evade defenses like Aegis systems complicates U.S. naval planning, potentially requiring new countermeasures or fleet repositioning. Regional powers like Japan and Australia may accelerate their own missile defense programs, escalating the arms race. The YJ-17’s showcase alongside Russian and North Korean leaders signals China’s intent to challenge the U.S.-led order, potentially emboldening its allies in anti-Western coalitions.
6. YJ-19 (Ying Ji-19) Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile
Technical Specifications
The YJ-19, a hypersonic anti-ship missile, was showcased at the 2025 Victory Day Parade, marking a significant advancement in China’s naval strike capabilities. It has an estimated range of 1,500 kilometers and achieves speeds between Mach 6 and Mach 10, potentially using a scramjet propulsion system for sustained hypersonic flight. The missile’s warhead is designed to penetrate large naval vessels, with high-explosive or armor-piercing options. It can be launched from ships, aircraft, or ground platforms, employing guidance systems that combine inertial navigation, Beidou satellite support, and active radar for a CEP of less than 10 meters.
Strategic Purpose
The YJ-19 is tailored to counter U.S. naval assets, particularly aircraft carriers, in the Indo-Pacific. Its hypersonic speed and maneuverability make it a formidable challenge to missile defense systems, supporting China’s A2/AD strategy. The missile’s long range allows the PLA to engage targets beyond the first island chain, threatening U.S. bases in Guam and Japan. Its multi-platform compatibility enhances China’s ability to project power across maritime domains, deterring U.S. intervention in regional conflicts like a potential Taiwan scenario.
Development History
The YJ-19 likely builds on the YJ-18 and YJ-21, with development led by CASIC. Its scramjet technology represents a leap in China’s hypersonic capabilities, drawing from global advancements in high-speed propulsion. Development likely began in the early 2020s, driven by the need to counter U.S. naval superiority and missile defenses. The missile’s integration of advanced guidance systems reflects China’s focus on precision and networked warfare, aligning with its broader military modernization efforts.
Parade Context
The YJ-19’s debut in the 2025 parade was a highlight, with state media emphasizing its scramjet technology and role in targeting high-value naval assets. Displayed alongside other YJ-series missiles, it underscored China’s diverse hypersonic arsenal. The missile’s showcase on mobile launchers and its association with the PLA Navy and Air Force highlighted its operational versatility. Xi’s speech framed the YJ-19 as part of China’s defensive strategy, though its offensive capabilities signaled a challenge to U.S. maritime dominance.
Geopolitical Implications
The YJ-19’s advanced capabilities exacerbate U.S. concerns about the vulnerability of its carrier strike groups, prompting potential investments in new defense technologies. Regional powers like Japan and Australia face increased pressure to bolster their naval defenses, potentially escalating the arms race. The missile’s long range and precision threaten Taiwan’s security, as it enhances China’s ability to deter U.S. intervention in a cross-strait conflict. The YJ-19’s display alongside Russian and North Korean leaders reinforces China’s strategic alignment, challenging the U.S.-led security architecture in Asia.
7. YJ-20 (Ying Ji-20) Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile
Technical Specifications
The YJ-20, a hypersonic anti-ship missile, debuted at the 2025 Victory Day Parade, showcasing China’s advancements in high-speed weaponry. It has an estimated range of over 1,500 kilometers and achieves speeds exceeding Mach 5, likely using a biconical or aeroballistic design for hypersonic maneuverability. The missile’s warhead is optimized for penetrating large naval vessels, with options for high-explosive or armor-piercing payloads. It can be launched from ships, aircraft, or ground platforms, employing guidance systems that include inertial navigation, Beidou satellite support, and terminal-phase radar for a CEP of less than 10 meters.
Strategic Purpose
The YJ-20 enhances China’s A2/AD capabilities, targeting U.S. and allied naval assets in the Indo-Pacific. Its hypersonic speed and maneuverability make it difficult to intercept, challenging systems like Aegis and Patriot. The missile’s long range allows the PLA to engage targets across the Western Pacific, including U.S. bases in Guam and Japan. Its multi-platform compatibility supports China’s multi-domain warfare strategy, deterring U.S. naval intervention in regional conflicts, particularly over Taiwan or the South China Sea.
Development History
The YJ-20 is believed to be a variant of the YJ-21, with development led by CASIC. Its aeroballistic design likely draws from the YJ-21’s hypersonic technology, incorporating improvements in range and maneuverability. Development began in the early 2020s, driven by the need to counter U.S. naval advancements and missile defenses. The missile’s integration of advanced guidance systems reflects China’s focus on precision and networked warfare, aligning with its broader hypersonic research efforts.
Parade Context
The YJ-20’s showcase in the 2025 parade highlighted China’s hypersonic advancements, with state media describing it as a key component of the PLA’s anti-ship arsenal. Displayed alongside other YJ-series missiles, it underscored China’s diverse hypersonic capabilities. The missile’s appearance on mobile launchers and its association with the PLA Navy and Air Force emphasized its operational flexibility. Xi’s speech framed the YJ-20 as part of China’s defensive posture, though its offensive capabilities signaled a direct challenge to U.S. naval dominance.
Geopolitical Implications
The YJ-20’s introduction intensifies U.S. concerns about the vulnerability of its naval forces, prompting potential investments in advanced missile defenses. Regional powers like Japan and Australia may accelerate their own defense programs, escalating the arms race. The missile’s long range and precision enhance China’s ability to deter U.S. intervention in a Taiwan conflict, raising the stakes for regional security. Its display alongside Russian and North Korean leaders reinforces China’s alignment with anti-Western powers, potentially reshaping global security dynamics.
8. JL-3 (Julang-3) Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile
Technical Specifications
The JL-3 (Julang-3), a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), was prominently featured in the 2025 Victory Day Parade. It has an estimated range of 10,000 kilometers, enabling strikes on global targets from China’s coastal waters. The missile can carry multiple MIRVs, with estimates suggesting up to 3–5 warheads, nuclear or conventional. Launched from Type 096 nuclear submarines, the JL-3 employs guidance systems combining inertial navigation, celestial tracking, and Beidou satellite support, achieving a CEP of tens of meters. Its solid-fuel propulsion enhances launch readiness and survivability.
Strategic Purpose
The JL-3 is a critical component of China’s nuclear triad, ensuring a sea-based second-strike capability. Its long range allows Chinese submarines to strike targets like the U.S. mainland from protected waters, reducing vulnerability to detection. The missile’s MIRV capability enhances its ability to overwhelm missile defenses, reinforcing China’s deterrence against preemptive strikes. By extending the PLA Navy’s strategic reach, the JL-3 counters U.S. naval dominance and supports China’s “no first use” nuclear policy, ensuring retaliation in a conflict scenario.
Development History
The JL-3, developed by CASC, builds on the JL-2 SLBM, with development likely beginning in the 2010s. Its extended range and MIRV capability reflect advancements in propulsion and warhead design, driven by the need to counter U.S. anti-submarine warfare capabilities. The missile’s integration with Type 096 submarines, deployed from Hainan Island, marks a significant upgrade in China’s sea-based nuclear forces. While specific details remain classified, the JL-3’s debut in 2025 suggests operational readiness, aligning with China’s nuclear modernization goals.
Parade Context
The JL-3’s showcase in the 2025 parade was a highlight, with state media like Xinhua describing it as China’s “most advanced” SLBM. Displayed on trucks for visual impact, it underscored the PLA Navy’s growing strategic role. The missile’s inclusion in the nuclear triad display—alongside the DF-61, DF-5C, and JL-1—emphasized China’s comprehensive deterrence strategy. Xi’s speech framed the JL-3 as a symbol of China’s commitment to peace, though its capabilities signaled a robust counter to U.S. naval power.
Geopolitical Implications
The JL-3’s long range and MIRV capability heighten U.S. concerns about China’s sea-based nuclear threat, complicating anti-submarine warfare efforts. Regional powers like Japan and India face increased pressure to develop their own SLBM capabilities, potentially escalating the arms race. The missile’s ability to strike from coastal waters enhances China’s deterrence against U.S. intervention in a Taiwan conflict, raising the stakes for regional security. Its display alongside Russian and North Korean leaders reinforces China’s alignment with anti-Western powers, challenging global arms control frameworks.
9. JL-1 (Jinglei-1) Air-Launched Ballistic Missile
Technical Specifications
The JL-1 (Jinglei-1), an air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM), debuted at the 2025 Victory Day Parade, marking China’s first air-based nuclear capability. It has an estimated range of 2,000–3,000 kilometers and can carry a single nuclear or conventional warhead. Launched from Xi’an H-6N bombers, the JL-1 employs guidance systems combining inertial navigation, Beidou satellite support, and terminal-phase radar, achieving a CEP of less than 20 meters. Its solid-fuel propulsion ensures rapid deployment and flexibility in air operations.
Strategic Purpose
The JL-1 completes China’s nuclear triad, providing an air-based deterrence capability. Its ability to be launched from bombers extends the PLA Air Force’s strategic reach, allowing strikes on regional targets without relying on ground or sea platforms. The missile’s mobility and rapid deployment make it difficult to target, enhancing China’s second-strike capability. By threatening regional U.S. bases and allied assets, the JL-1 supports China’s A2/AD strategy, deterring intervention in conflicts like a Taiwan scenario.
Development History
The JL-1, developed by CASC, likely evolved from the DF-21’s air-launched variant, the KF-21. Development began in the late 2010s, driven by the need to diversify China’s nuclear delivery systems. The missile’s integration with H-6N bombers, which feature a recessed underside for external carriage, reflects advancements in air-launched weaponry. Its debut in 2025 suggests operational readiness, filling a gap in China’s air-based nuclear capabilities and aligning with its broader modernization efforts.
Parade Context
The JL-1’s showcase in the 2025 parade was a milestone, with state media like CCTV describing it as the “first concentrated display” of China’s nuclear triad. Displayed on a military truck, it highlighted the PLA Air Force’s growing strategic role. The missile’s inclusion alongside the DF-61, DF-5C, and JL-3 underscored China’s comprehensive deterrence strategy. Xi’s speech framed the JL-1 as a defensive asset, though its offensive capabilities signaled a challenge to U.S. air and naval dominance in the region.
Geopolitical Implications
The JL-1’s introduction complicates U.S. defense planning, as air-launched missiles are harder to track and intercept than ground-based systems. Regional powers like Japan and South Korea face increased pressure to enhance their air defenses, potentially escalating the arms race. The missile’s ability to strike from unpredictable vectors enhances China’s deterrence against U.S. intervention in a Taiwan conflict. Its display alongside Russian and North Korean leaders reinforces China’s alignment with anti-Western powers, challenging the U.S.-led security architecture.
10. CJ-20A, YJ-18C, CJ-1000 Cruise Missiles
Technical Specifications
The CJ-20A, YJ-18C, and CJ-1000 are advanced cruise missiles showcased at the 2025 Victory Day Parade. The CJ-20A, an air-launched cruise missile, has a range of over 2,000 kilometers and achieves subsonic speeds, carrying conventional or nuclear warheads. The YJ-18C, a ship-launched anti-ship cruise missile, has a range of approximately 500–600 kilometers and a supersonic terminal phase. The CJ-1000, a vehicle-mounted supersonic cruise missile, boasts a range of 2,000–3,000 kilometers. All three employ guidance systems combining inertial navigation, Beidou satellite support, and terrain contour matching, achieving CEPs of less than 10 meters.
Strategic Purpose
These cruise missiles enhance China’s precision strike capabilities across multiple domains. The CJ-20A, launched from H-6K bombers, targets land-based assets, supporting long-range power projection. The YJ-18C, deployed on Type 055 destroyers, targets naval vessels, reinforcing China’s A2/AD strategy. The CJ-1000 fills a gap between intermediate and intercontinental systems, capable of striking regional and distant targets. Together, they provide the PLA with flexible, high-precision options for deterrence and offensive operations, countering U.S. and allied forces.
Development History
The CJ-20A and YJ-18C evolved from earlier CJ-10 and YJ-18 missiles, with development led by CASIC. The CJ-20A, introduced in the 2010s, was upgraded for extended range and nuclear capability. The YJ-18C, operational by the early 2020s, incorporated a supersonic terminal stage to evade defenses. The CJ-1000, a newer system, likely began development in the late 2010s to address gaps in long-range strike capabilities. All three reflect China’s focus on precision and networked warfare, integrating advanced guidance and propulsion technologies.
Parade Context
The CJ-20A, YJ-18C, and CJ-1000 were showcased in the 2025 parade to highlight China’s cruise missile advancements. State media like Xinhua emphasized their role in long-range precision assaults, with the CJ-1000 described as a “new killer weapon.” Displayed on trucks and associated with air and naval platforms, they underscored the PLA’s multi-domain capabilities. Xi’s speech framed these missiles as defensive tools, though their offensive potential signaled a challenge to U.S. and allied forces in the Indo-Pacific.
Geopolitical Implications
These cruise missiles escalate tensions with the U.S., as their precision and range threaten regional bases and naval assets. The YJ-18C’s anti-ship capabilities challenge U.S. carrier strike groups, while the CJ-20A and CJ-1000 enhance China’s ability to strike distant targets, including Guam and Japan. Regional powers may bolster their missile defenses, escalating the arms race. The missiles’ showcase alongside Russian and North Korean leaders reinforces China’s alignment with anti-Western powers, potentially destabilizing global security dynamics.
11. HQ-29 High-Altitude Interceptor Missile
Technical Specifications
The HQ-29, a high-altitude interceptor missile, debuted at the 2025 Victory Day Parade, showcasing China’s advancements in space defense. Designed to target low-Earth orbit satellites and ballistic missiles, it has an estimated range of several hundred kilometers and operates at altitudes exceeding 100 kilometers. The missile likely employs kinetic kill vehicles or directed-energy payloads, with guidance systems integrating radar, infrared, and Beidou satellite support for precision targeting. Its large size suggests a range comparable to the U.S. Navy’s SM-3 Block IIA, deployable from land or ship platforms.
Strategic Purpose
The HQ-29 enhances China’s counter-space capabilities, aimed at neutralizing foreign satellites and ballistic missiles. Its ability to destroy satellites disrupts enemy communication, reconnaissance, and navigation systems, critical in modern warfare. As a missile defense system, it counters U.S. and allied ballistic missiles, supporting China’s A2/AD strategy. The HQ-29’s dual role in space and missile defense strengthens China’s strategic posture, deterring adversaries and protecting critical assets in a conflict scenario.
Development History
The HQ-29, developed by CASIC, builds on the HQ-19, an earlier anti-ballistic missile system. Development likely began in the late 2010s, driven by the need to counter U.S. satellite and missile capabilities. Its technology draws from China’s anti-satellite (ASAT) tests in the 2000s and advancements in radar and kinetic kill vehicles. The HQ-29’s debut in 2025 suggests operational readiness, reflecting China’s focus on space as a contested domain and its integration of advanced defense technologies.
Parade Context
The HQ-29’s showcase in the 2025 parade was a significant statement, with state media highlighting its space defense capabilities. Displayed for the first time, it underscored China’s growing dominance in aerial and space warfare. The missile’s inclusion alongside other advanced systems signaled the PLA’s multi-domain capabilities. Xi’s speech framed the HQ-29 as a defensive asset, though its offensive potential against satellites and missiles sent a clear message to the U.S. and its allies about China’s space ambitions.
Geopolitical Implications
The HQ-29’s ability to target satellites threatens U.S. space-based assets, critical for military operations and intelligence. This capability escalates the U.S.-China space race, prompting potential investments in satellite hardening or ASAT countermeasures. Regional powers like Japan and India face increased pressure to develop their own space defenses, potentially destabilizing the region. The HQ-29’s display alongside Russian and North Korean leaders reinforces China’s alignment with anti-Western powers, challenging U.S. dominance in space and missile defense.
12. Conclusion
Summary of Missile Significance
The 11 missiles showcased at China’s Victory Day Parade on September 3, 2025—Dongfeng-61, Dongfeng-5C, Dongfeng-26D, YJ-15, YJ-17, YJ-19, YJ-20, JL-3, JL-1, CJ-20A/YJ-18C/CJ-1000, and HQ-29—represent a quantum leap in the PLA’s strategic capabilities. The DF-61 and DF-5C, with their global range and MIRV capabilities, solidify China’s nuclear deterrence, ensuring a robust second-strike capability against the U.S. The DF-26D, dubbed the “Guam Killer,” and the YJ-series hypersonic missiles (YJ-15, YJ-17, YJ-19, YJ-20) enhance China’s A2/AD strategy, targeting U.S. naval assets and regional bases. The JL-3 and JL-1 complete China’s nuclear triad, providing sea and air-based deterrence, while the CJ-20A, YJ-18C, and CJ-1000 cruise missiles offer precision strike options across multiple domains. The HQ-29’s space defense capabilities underscore China’s ambition to dominate contested domains, from maritime to outer space.
Impact on China’s Military Strategy
Collectively, these missiles reflect China’s focus on hypersonic technology, precision, and multi-domain warfare. The emphasis on hypersonic missiles (YJ-series, DF-26D) highlights China’s strategy to counter U.S. missile defenses and naval superiority, leveraging speed and maneuverability to overwhelm systems like Aegis and THAAD. The nuclear triad—encompassing land (DF-61, DF-5C), sea (JL-3), and air (JL-1)—ensures a survivable and flexible deterrence posture, aligning with China’s “no first use” policy while signaling readiness for retaliation. The cruise missiles (CJ-20A, YJ-18C, CJ-1000) and the HQ-29 enhance China’s ability to project power and protect critical assets, from regional bases to satellites, reinforcing its A2/AD framework and challenging U.S. dominance in the Indo-Pacific.
Geopolitical Landscape
The parade’s display of these missiles sends a clear message to the U.S., its allies, and regional neighbors. The DF-61 and DF-5C’s global reach threatens the U.S. mainland, complicating defense planning and escalating the strategic competition. The DF-26D and YJ-series missiles target U.S. naval assets, raising the stakes for intervention in Taiwan or the South China Sea. Regional powers like Japan, Australia, and India face pressure to bolster their defenses, potentially sparking an arms race. The presence of Putin and Kim at the parade underscores China’s alignment with Russia and North Korea, forming a counterweight to the U.S.-led order. This alignment, combined with China’s defense-industrial advancements, challenges global arms control efforts and heightens tensions in an already volatile geopolitical landscape.
Forward-Looking Perspective
Looking ahead, these missiles will shape future conflicts and deterrence strategies. The hypersonic revolution, exemplified by the YJ-series and DF-26D, will force the U.S. and its allies to invest in advanced countermeasures, potentially shifting resources from other defense priorities. The nuclear triad’s completion strengthens China’s deterrence, reducing the likelihood of U.S. preemptive strikes but increasing the risk of escalation in a crisis. The HQ-29’s space capabilities highlight the growing importance of the space domain, prompting global powers to prioritize satellite protection and ASAT technologies. China’s defense-industrial complex, as demonstrated by these missiles, will continue to drive innovation, potentially outpacing Western advancements in key areas. However, operational challenges—such as integrating these systems into a networked battlefield or ensuring reliability under combat conditions—may temper their immediate impact. The parade’s strategic messaging suggests China will leverage these capabilities to assert dominance in the Indo-Pacific, deter U.S. intervention, and reshape global power dynamics, setting the stage for a new era of strategic competition.
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